Ubungqina bomsebenzi weBitcoin: Yintoni na kwaye kutheni ibalulekile

Ubungqina bomsebenzi sisizathu sokuba akukho mntu unokuxoka kwinethiwekhi yeBitcoin. Ngumatshini ovumela amashumi amawaka abantu abangabaziyo abangathembanga nto omnye komnye ukuba bavumelane ngeseti enye yeeakhawunti, ngaphandle kwebhanki phakathi ukugcina amanqaku. Eso sivumelwano sibambe rhoqo ngemizuzu elishumi ukusukela ngoJanuwari ka-2009, ngenxa yeengozi kunye nee-hacks kunye noorhulumente abanobutshaba, kwaye asizange nakanye saphulwe kwinqanaba leprotocol. Le yindlela esebenza ngayo kwaye kutheni ibambe.

Ubungqina bengxaki bomsebenzi wakhelwe ukusombulula

Lonke uhlobo lwemali yedijithali ngaphambi kokuba i-Bitcoin ibaleke eludongeni olufanayo. Ingqekembe yedijithali yifayile, kwaye ifayile inokukotshwa. Ke yintoni endiyekisa ukuchitha ingqekembe enye kabini, kube kanye kunye nawe kwaye kube kanye nomntu kwidolophu yonke, kwimizuzwana ngaphambi kokuba omnye kuni aqaphele? Nika umntu i-R100 yephepha kwaye awusenayo. Khuphela ifayile kwaye ugcine eyoqobo. Lo msantsa ubizwa ngokuba yingxaki yokuchitha kabini kwaye yoyise abona bachwephesha ababukhali ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970 ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka.

Iworkaround yayisoloko ifana. Beka iqela elithembekileyo phakathi. Ibhanki, uthungelwano lwamakhadi, indlu yokucoca, umntu ogcina ileja yokwenyani kwaye akavumi ukuba irandi isetyenziswe kabini. Iyasebenza. Kukwaseso sizathu sokuba imali yakho ihambe ngesantya seziko lomngcipheko, abantu baseMzantsi Afrika abayiqonda ngcono kunabantu abaninzi, bebukele iibhanki zimisa ii-akhawunti kuqala ze babuze imibuzo emva koko.

Ngaphantsi kwengxaki yokuchitha kabini kuhleli indala kunye nenzulu ukuba izazinzulu zekhompyuter ziyibiza ngokuba yiByzantine Generals Problem. Iqela labadlali abazimeleyo abangabonani kwaye abangenasizathu sokuthembana bavumelana njani ngohlelo olunye lweziganeko, ngoxa abanye babo besenokuba bayaxoka? Kangangamashumi eminyaka impendulo enyanisekileyo yayiyeyokuba babengenakukwazi, ngaphandle kokumisela usompempe wonke umntu kwakufuneka amthembe. Igalelo le-Satoshi Nakamoto, elapapashwa kwiphepha elinamaphepha alithoba ngomhla wama-31 kweyeDwarha ka-2008, yayikukulungisa loo ngxaki ngemali ngaphandle kokutyumba mntu. Isixhobo esenza oko bubungqina bomsebenzi.

Iqhinga yayingengombhalo ofihlakeleyo wodwa. Yayisenza ukunganyaniseki kubize ngaphezu kokunyaniseka, ngokusisigxina, ukuze umthathi-nxaxheba oqiqayo adlale ngokuthe ngqo kungekhona ngenxa yesidima kodwa ngenxa yezibalo.

Indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo

Iintengiselwano ezilindele ukuqinisekiswa zibotshwa zibe yibloko. Ukongeza loo Ibloko kwitsheyini, iikhomputha ezibizwa ngokuba ngabasebenzi basezimayini zikhuphisana ukuze kuzisombulule iphazili, kwaye iphazili ibubudenge ngabom. Akukho bukrelekrele buncedayo. Umsebenzi wasemgodini uthatha idatha yebhloko, wongeze inani elingaqhelekanga elibizwa ngokuba yi-nonce, kwaye uqhuba yonke into ngendlela enye ebizwa ngokuba yi-SHA-256 ejika naliphi na igalelo libe ngumtya osisigxina wabalinganiswa. Umgaqo kukuba imveliso kufuneka iwe phantsi kwethagethi ethile, oko kuthetha ukuba kufuneka kuqalwe ngokuqhutywa kwee-zeros ezikhokelayo. Awukwazi ukuqiqa indlela yakho eya kwi-nonce ephumeleleyo. Ungaqikelela kuphela, ukulahla, kwaye uqikelele kwakhona, iitriliyoni zamaxesha ngomzuzwana, kude kube olunye uqikelelo lwenzeka emhlabeni. Oko kugawula ngamandla ngumsebenzi wobungqina bomsebenzi, kwaye kutshisa umbane wokwenene ngabom.

Umsebenzi-mgodini wokuqala ukufumana i-nonce esebenzayo uyibhengeza kuye wonke umntu.

Nantsi i-asymmetry eyenza ukuba uyilo lonke luxhonywe kunye. Ukufumana impendulo kufuna umgudu omkhulu, kodwa ukuyijonga akuthathi nanye. Nayiphi na i-node kuthungelwano iqinisekisa ibhloko esonjululweyo ngoko nangoko, indlela onokujonga ngayo i-sudoku egqityiweyo ngemizuzwana nangona ukusombulula kuthathe iyure. Umvukuzi ophumeleleyo uqokelela i-bitcoin esanda kukhutshwa kunye neentlawulo ezivela kwiintengiselwano kwibhloko, kwaye inethiwekhi iqhubela phambili ukuya kumjikelo olandelayo.

Emva koko kukho i-metronome. I-Bitcoin ibhaliwe ukuvelisa ibhloko malunga nemizuzu elishumi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangaphi oomatshini abazibandakanya nokuzingela. Ibambe eso santya ngohlengahlengiso lobunzima: zonke iibhloko ze-2,016, ezisebenza malunga neeveki ezimbini, inethiwekhi ijonga ukuba ezo bloko zithathe ixesha elingakanani. Ukuba beza ngokukhawuleza kuneentsuku ezilishumi elinesine, iphazili iba nzima, kufuneka ii-zeros ezikhokelayo. Ukuba iyacotha, iyancipha. Akukho mntu ulawula oku. Akukho komiti idibanayo. Amandla ekhompyuter angaphezulu athenga uthungelwano olukhuseleke ngakumbi, asoze akhukulise ngokukhawuleza iingqekembe ezintsha, kwaye ndiyacacisa ukuba le shedyuli isisigxina yenza ntoni kunikezelo kwiqhekeza Bitcoin njengemali evakalayo.

Iqhekeza lokugqibela likhonkco ngokwalo. Ibhloko nganye iphethe umnwe webhloko phambi kwayo, ngoko ke iibhloko zidityaniswe ngokulandelelana, enye ixhomekeke kokulandelayo. Guqula intengiselwano endala enye kunye notshintsho lweminwe yebhloko yayo, eyaphula ibhloko emva kwayo, eyaphula enye emva koko, yonke indlela ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ukubhala imbali kwakhona kuya kufuneka wenze kwakhona ubungqina bomsebenzi waloo bhloko kunye nebhloko nganye ukususela, ngokukhawuleza kunokuba yonke inethiwekhi enyanisekileyo ibeka phantsi ezintsha. Okukhona umva umva wentengiselwano, kokukhona ugqatso luphelelwa lithemba, kuba amathuba okuba umhlaseli ocothayo afumane anciphe ngebhloko nganye inethiwekhi enyanisekileyo yongeza. Yiloo nto abantu abathetha ngayo ngokungaguquki.

Kutheni amandla ngongoma, kungekhona ingxaki

Abantu bajonga ityala lombane leBitcoin kwaye babone inkunkuma. Ndiyayiqonda ithuku kwaye ndicinga ukuba ifumana ingqiqo ngasemva. Amandla akahlawuleli ukusetyenzwa kweentengiselwano ngendlela yokuswayipha kwekhadi. Amandla ngawona enza ukuba i-Ileja ingenzeki. Yindleko ebonakalayo edibanisa irekhodi yedijithali kwihlabathi lokwenyani, kunye nenethiwekhi yeBitcoin engazange ichithe nto ukuze ikhuseleke ayiyi kuba yinto engafanelekanga ukuyikhusela.

Cinga ngegolide. Isizathu sokuba ingqekembe yegolide ixhathise ukwenza umgunyathi kukuba igolide yokwenyani kubiza kakhulu ukugrumba emhlabeni, ngoko ke ukwenza inkohliso kuxabisa malunga neyona nto yokwenyani. I-Bitcoin iphinda iyenze loo propati kwisoftware. Ukuqulunqa iirekhodi zayo kubiza kakhulu njengokuzivelisa ngokunyanisekileyo, kuba zombini zifuna inkcitho ekhohlakeleyo yombane, kwaye akukho bulumko bufumana malunga nebhili. Yiloo nto umphandi wezokhuseleko angayibiza ngokuba yindleko engathethekiyo, kwaye yiyo yonke le nqaba.

Enye into ekufanele uyazi apho umbane uvela khona. Abasebenzi basezimayini bakwindawo-agnostic, okuthetha ukuba baya kuqhuba oomatshini babo naphina apho amandla exabiso liphantsi kunayo nayiphi na indawo apho abantu bahlala khona, kwaye amandla aphantsi ahlala engamandla ekungekho mntu wumbi unokuwasebenzisa. I-hydro eyakhiwe kwiintlambo ezikude. Ukuvelisa ngokugqithisileyo kwiifama zomoya kunye nelanga kungekho ndawo yokuyithumela. Irhasi yendalo ephuma kwimithombo yeoli ivuthulukela esibhakabhakeni kuba ukuyikhupha kubiza ngaphezu kokuba kufanelekile. Ukumbiwa kwemigodi kunokutshintsha kwaye kucime ngephanyazo, nto leyo eyijika ibe ngumthengi wecebo lokugqibela lamandla ebeya kuphoswa ngenye indlela, kwaye ndiya kulo datha ngokweenkcukacha kwinqaku yintoni eboniswa yidatha yamandla. Iichips ezikhethekileyo ezenza i-hashing, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-ASIC, zakhelwe lo msebenzi mnye kwaye akukho nto iyenye, eyinxalenye yesizathu sokuba i-hardware ikhona kuphela ukukhusela i-Bitcoin kwaye ayinakuphinda iphinde iphinde ithule.

Ezinye iinethiwekhi zikhethe indlela eyahlukileyo, zikhetha iziqinisekiso zazo ngokuba zingaphi na iingqekembe zemali esele bezibambile kunokuba bachithe amandla angakanani na. Oko kusebenzisa umbane omncinci kakhulu. Ikwatshintshanisa iindleko onokuthi uzilinganisele kwihlabathi lenyama kulowo uhlala ngaphakathi kwenkqubo kuphela, kwaye engakhange achithe iminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe ehlaselwa ngumntu wonke ngesizathu sokuzama.

Yintoni uhlaselo lwe-51 ekhulwini oluya kuthatha ngokwenene

Indlela yethiyori yokuphula i-Bitcoin ibizwa ngokuba yi-51 yepesenti yokuhlaselwa. Lawula ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samandla ekhompyuter yenethiwekhi, ubaleke abasebenzi basezimayini abanyanisekileyo, kwaye ngokwemigaqo ungabuyisela umva utshintshiselwano lwakho lwamva nje kwaye uchithe iingqekembe ezifanayo kabini.

Ngoku yindleko. Uthungelwano ngokwangoku luqhuba kwinto ethile ngokomyalelo we-800 quintillion yokusebenza kwe-hashing ngomzuzwana ngamnye, inani elinciphisa amandla ekhompuyutha adityanisiweyo eenkampani zeteknoloji ezinkulu zehlabathi kunye neekhompyutha ezinkulu ezidityanisiweyo. Ukuyibetha kuya kufuneka uthenge okanye wakhe i-hardware ye-ASIC ngaphezu kwayo yonke iplanethi edibeneyo, ukhusele umbane ukuze uqhube, kwaye wenze konke oko kwindawo evulekileyo, kuba umsebenzi wokuthengwa kweso sikali awukwazi ukufihlwa. Umthetho oyilwayo ubaleka ukuya kwiibhiliyoni zeedola kwaye ukwakhiwa kuqhuba iminyaka. Akukho ndlela imfutshane kwaye akukho khowudi yokukopela.

Uqoqosho luya lusiba mbi xa uphumelela. I-Bitcoin inexabiso ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba i-Ileja ayinakuphazanyiswa, ngoko ke ngoko ubonise ukuba iyakwazi, ixabiso liya kuhla lingabikho kwaye iingqekembe ochithe iibhiliyoni uziba ziya kuba lilize. Abasebenzi basezimayini abanyanisekileyo banokusuka nje bafowune ikhonkco ngaphambi nje kohlaselo lwakho kwaye baqhubeke, bakushiye ubambe oomatshini abonakeleyo kunye ne-asethi efileyo. Ubuya kuchitha intywenka yemali ukutshabalalisa ekuphela kwento eyenze ukuba ithagethi ifanele ukuhlaselwa.

Le yingqondo ethule yoyilo. Ayikhe ibuze abasebenzi basezimayini ukuba balunge. Yenza ukudlala ngemigaqo kunenzuzo ngaphezu kokuyiphula, ukwenzela ukuba nomdlali ombi oxhaswa ngemali kakuhle wenza izibalo kunye nemigodi ngokunyanisekileyo, esongeza ukhuseleko endaweni yokususa kuyo.

Iminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe, akukho bloko eyenziwe ngomgunyathi

Inethiwekhi yobungqina bomsebenzi weBitcoin iqhube ngokuqhubekayo ukususela kwibhloko yokuqala ngoJanuwari 2009. Kulo lonke elo xesha iprotocol ayizange ihlaselwe ngempumelelo kwinqanaba lemvumelwano. Hayi kanye. Yonke intengiselwano eyake yaqinisekiswa yahlala iqinisekisiwe, ngo-2021 ukubaleka okutyhalele ixabiso lomnatha elidlulileyo kwitriliyoni yeedola kwaye wanika ihlabathi lonke izizathu zetriliyoni zokuyiqhawula.

Misela oko ngokuchasene nerekhodi yeenkqubo esixelelwa ukuba sizithembe. Iibhanki ziyaqhekezwa. Iiprosesa zentlawulo ziyavuza. Utshintshiselwano luyaphangwa. Amaziko akhelwe kwintembeko anerekhodi elibi lokhuseleko kunothungelwano olungenankokeli olungathembi nto ngaphandle kwemathematika nombane.

Into engazange iphumelele, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kukujikeleza kwabantu kwi-Bitcoin kune-Bitcoin ngokwayo. I-Mt Gox ilahlekelwe malunga neengqekembe ze-850,000 ngo-2014 kwaye yayingengokusilela kweprotocol. Yayiyinkampani eyayibambe i-bitcoin yabanye abantu kwaye iqhuba kakubi ukhuseleko lwayo. Iingqekembe zazikho kwi-Isixokelelwano seebloko ngaphambi kokuwa nangemva kwayo. Into eyaphukileyo yayiziincwadi zotshintshiselwano, kwaye ndizoba loo mgca ngononophelo into esele iqhekeziwe. Ukutyhola iBitcoin ngeMt Gox kufana nokugxeka irandi kuba isebe liye laphangwa.

Loo mahluko asiyomfundo kum. Kungenxa yoko le nto ndisusa abathengi kutshintshiselwano kwaye kwizitshixo abazilawulayo.

Kuthetha ukuthini oku ukuba ngokwenene ubambe iBitcoin

Ukuqonda ubungqina bomsebenzi kutshintsha into ocinga ukuba yeyakho. Ilungisa kwakhona ukuba ubunini buthetha ntoni. I-Bitcoin ayikho inkampani enebhodi enokuthi ibanjwe, iqela lolawulo elinokuthi lixhaswe okanye isiseko esinokuxhaswa kunye nokunyanzeliswa de kube imithetho igobe. Imithetho yayo inyanzeliswa ngamashumi amawaka oomatshini abazimeleyo abanini babo banemali kumgca kwaye akukho ndlela yokuzuza ngokukhohlisa. Olo luhlobo lokuqina olwahluke ngokupheleleyo kuyo nayiphi na into ekwiJohannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), kwaye yinxalenye enkulu yesizathu sokuba ndiphathe iBitcoin njengexesha elide libambe endaweni yorhwebo, imeko endiyenza ngokupheleleyo. Bitcoin njengothango.

Imodeli yokhuseleko ikwayinto enika i-Umda wezigidi ezingama-21 amazinyo ayo. Umda wokubonelela uxabisa kuphela nantoni na ukuba inkqubo yokunyanzeliswa kwayo ayinako ukugqithiswa, kwaye ubungqina bomsebenzi yinto eyenza ukugqithisela indlela ye-iDola eyibhiliyoni ukuya ndawo. Khulula amandla ngaphandle kwaye ikepusi ibe yingcebiso. Yigcine ngaphakathi kwaye ikepusi iba yinyani, exhaswa yiminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe yomsebenzi oqokelelweyo ekungekho mntu wakha wakwazi ukuwuphelisa. Ungumnikazi we-bitcoin enye kwaye ungumnikazi we-21-million yento iyonke, kulo nyaka kunye nonyaka emva koko, kwaye akukho nto imfutshane yefiziksi inokukukhupha kweso sabelo.

Ukuba ufuna eso siqinisekiso sihlale ezandleni zakho kunokuba kwiphepha lomncono lotshintshiselwano lomntu, ngumsebenzi endiwenzayo lowo. Incwadi ifowuni yesakhiwo seBitcoin kwaye siya kuyimisa ngokufanelekileyo.