Yini I-Trust Deed yaseNingizimu Afrika Edinga Ukukusho Nge-Bitcoin

I-trust deed yincazelo yomsebenzi yomphathiswa. Uma ingasho lutho ngezimpahla zedijithali, umphathiswa othenga i-Bitcoin ukuze athembeke wenza ngaphandle kwegunya futhi angathwala noma yikuphi ukulahlekelwa mathupha. Iningi lamatayitela aseNingizimu Afrika labhalwa kudala ngaphambi kuka-2009. Okulandelayo ulimi oludingwa idokhumenti ngaphambi kokuba i-trust ithinte isatoshi yayo yokuqala.

Itayitela yincazelo yomsebenzi yomphathiswa

I-trust yaseNingizimu Afrika iyisilwane esisemthethweni esingavamile. Akuyona inkampani futhi ayinabo ubuntu bayo obusemthethweni. Abaphathiswa babamba indawo ngendlela yokwethembeka futhi baphendula imibhalo emibili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Owokuqala yi-Trust Property Control Act 57 ka-1988, obeka isisekelo somthetho: akekho umphathiswa ongasebenza kuze kube uMfundisi Wenkantolo Ephakeme ekhiphe izincwadi zegunya futhi isigaba 9 sibambe wonke umphathiswa ukunakekelwa, ukukhuthala kanye nekhono elingalindeleka ngokunengqondo kumuntu ophethe izindaba zomunye. Umbhalo wesibili yitayitela ngokwalo. Noma yimaphi amandla itayitela elingawanikezi, umphathiswa akanawo.

Lelo phuzu lesibili yilapho i-Bitcoin ithola khona ama-trustee enkingeni.

Umphathiswa otshala imali ngaphandle kwamandla etayitela akenzi ucingo olunesibindi. Wenza ngaphandle kwegunya. Uma i-trust ilahlekelwa yimali etshaliwe engagunyaziwe, umphathiswa angaba nesibopho sokuyenza ibe yinhle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinhloso zakhe beziyini nokuthi impahla yenziwe kahle kangakanani ngaphambi kokuba iwe. Umthetho ugcina impahla ye-trust ingaphandle kwempahla yomuntu siqu yomphathiswa. Ayinikezi isivikelo esisebenza ngenye indlela.

Izincwadi eziningi ezazisakazwa zabhalwa abameli ababengakaze bezwe igama elithi satoshi. Lokho akukhona ukugxeka abameli. Kuyisizathu sokufunda isenzo sakho ngaphambi kokuba ufunde elinye igama mayelana nenani.

Ingabe itayitela osuvele unalo lingabamba i-Bitcoin?

Kuncike esigatshaneni samandla okutshala imali. Izenzo ziwela emindenini emithathu. Ezindala zigunyaza uhlu oluvaliwe: isitoko sikahulumeni, amabhondi ezindlu, amadiphozithi asebhange. I-Bitcoin ihlezi ngaphandle kwayo. Umndeni wesibili uvumela amasheya nezibambiso, ngokuvamile ezikhawulelwe kumathuluzi asohlwini lokushintshisana okwaziwayo, amagama aphinde angayifaki i-Bitcoin ngoba i-Bitcoin ayisona isibambiso ngaphansi koMthetho Wezimakethe Zezezimali futhi ayifakwanga ohlwini noma kuphi. Umndeni wesithathu unikeza amandla okutshala kunoma iyiphi impahla yanoma yiluphi uhlobo, ukwakhiwa kwesimanje, okuvele kuhlanganisa i-Bitcoin.

Igama ngokungangabazeki kufanele lenze umsebenzi omningi kulowo musho.

Ngisho nangaphansi kwamagama abanzi kakhulu, ukuthula kudala inkinga engokoqobo. Umphathiswa olinganiswa ngokwezinga lesigaba 9 kufanele akwazi ukubonisa ukuthi ukubamba impahla yomphathi oguquguqukayo kwakuyisinqumo esicatshangelwe ngaphakathi kwegunya. Umphathiswa ozimele ocele ukuba asayine ngokuhlanganyela ukuthenga kwe-Bitcoin ngaphansi kwetayitela elingasho lutho ngezimpahla zedijithali ngokuvamile uzovele enqabe, ngesizathu esizwakalayo sokuthi inkantolo efunda amandla ibeka ifa lakhe siqu emgqeni. Amagama okuveza amagama aphetha leyo mpikiswano ngaphambi kokuthi iqale futhi kubiza ingxenyana yalokho impikiswano ebingadingeka.

Kukhona nombuzo wangaphambilini, othi ingabe i-trust kufanele ibambe izinhlamvu zemali nhlobo. Ngikala ukwethenjwa kwenkampani negama lakho lomuntu siqu lapho i-Bitcoin yakho kufanele ihlale khona.

Izigaba zetayitela zidinga ngaphambi kokuba i-trust ithenge

Lapho itayitela lichitshiyelwa noma libhalwa kabusha ukuze libe ne-Bitcoin, izingcezu ezinhlanu zolimi zithola indawo yazo. Uhlaka olommeli. Uhlu lokuhlola olungezansi yilolu engisebenza kulo uma umndeni ubuza ukuthi isenzo sawo sishoda ngani.

• Veza amandla okuthola nokubamba izimpahla zedijithali okuhlanganisa i-Bitcoin futhi uzilahle, ngempahla echazwe ngokuthi iyini: ithuluzi eliphethe elilawulwa yinoma ubani ophethe okhiye.
• Amandla okuqoka abahlinzeki besevisi yempahla ye-crypto abanelayisensi ukuze bagcinwe futhi basebenzise futhi basayine igunya labo egameni le-trust.
• Uhlaka lokuphatha lokhiye: ukuthi basakazwa kanjani phakathi kwabaphathiswa kanye nezinkampani zangaphandle, iyiphi ikhoramu egunyaza okwenziwayo kanye nendlela yokulawula izinguquko lapho umnikazi ongukhiye efa noma engakwazi ukwenza okuthile.
• Isibopho sokurekhoda konke ukutholwa nokuchithwa ngezinsuku namanani erandi, ezingeni SARS elilindele kunoma yisiphi esinye isigaba sempahla.
• Amandla okuxhumana nabeluleki abangochwepheshe, kusukela kubameli abathembekile kuya kubasebenzi bentela, ngezindleko ze-trust.

Into eyodwa akumele ivele ku-deed: okhiye ngokwabo.

Kufakwa itayitela ku-Master, likopishelwe abamabhange, linamathiselwe kumaphakethe we-FICA futhi lifundwe abacwaningi mabhuku impilo yabo yonke. Ibinzana lembewu elibhalwe kulo liwumusho wembewu oshicilelwe. Umqondo ofanayo uyasebenza nasezifisweni zefa. Itayitela linikeza amandla futhi lichaza ukubusa; imininingwane yokusebenza, lapho okhiye bahlala khona nokuthi ozongena esikhundleni ufika kanjani kubo, ingeyezincwadi ezihlukene zomyalelo ezingabuyekezwa ngaphandle kokuchibiyela noma yini.

Ubani ngempela ophethe okhiye be-trust

I-Bitcoin ayazi ukuthi i-trustee iyini. Ukulawula kulandela okhiye abayimfihlo kunezinhlamvu zegunya, yingakho ukubusa okubalulekile kudinga ukunakwa kakhulu kunanoma yisiphi esinye isigatshana setayitela. Umphathiswa oyedwa ophethe isikhwama sehadiwe eyodwa iphuzu elilodwa lokwehluleka ukugqoka isihloko se-fiduciary.

Isakhiwo esilungisa lokhu i-multisig ehlanganyelwayo.

Kuhlelo lwe-2-of-3 i-Bitcoin ye-trust ihlala ngemuva kokhiye abathathu futhi noma yibaphi ababili kufanele basayine ngaphambi kokuthi uhlamvu lwemali luhambe. Ukusabalalisa kwenziwa ngamabomu: okhiye abanabaphathiswa, ukhiye wokutakula onomhlinzeki olawulwayo futhi akukho lutho oluvumela umuntu oyedwa ukuthi enze yedwa. I-South African trust practice isivele icabanga ngale mibandela. Kusukela ngesinqumo se-Land Bank v Parker ngo-2005 i-Master ngokuvamile idinga umphathiswa ozimele kuma-trust ebhizinisi lomndeni, ukuze amise kahle umndeni ophatha impahla ethenjwayo njengemali yasekhaya. I-Multisig isusa leso simiso ku-letterhead futhi isisebenzisa kuphrothokholi. Ikhoramu akuyona inqubomgomo noma ubani angayiziba buthule. Yindlela isikhwama esisebenza ngayo.

Lena yindlela engakha ngayo i-SimplB Vault yamakhasimende athembekile. Ama-trustee aphethe okhiye behadiwe ababili, i-Trezor kanye ne-Ileja, egcinwe ngokuhlukana. Ngibambe okwesithathu, ukhiye wokutakula we-Coldcard, njengommeleli Wezomthetho we-CAEP Asset Managers (FSP 33933). I-trust ishintshana ngokhiye bayo ababili futhi ukhiye wami uqala ukudlala kuphela ekubuyiseleni, lapho idivayisi ihluleka noma umnikazi wokhiye engekho. Ngithatha amasethingi e-Vault amahlanu ngenyanga, amaningi ngendlela engingayenza kahle.

Kukhona i-backstop esemthethweni okufanele ukwazi ngayo. I-Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA) ibheka izimpahla ze-crypto ezigcinwe esitokisini esiphephile sekhasimende njengendawo ethenjwayo ngaphansi koMthetho Wezikhungo Zezezimali (Ukuvikelwa Kwezikhwama). Kufanele zigcinwe zihlukene nezimpahla zomhlinzeki futhi azikwazi neze ukuba yingxenye yefa lomhlinzeki, ngisho nalapho umuntu engakwazi ukuzikhokhela. Izinhlamvu zemali ezihlezi ekuhwebeni okungasogwini ngaphansi kwelungiselelo labaqokiwe azikujabuleli ukuvikeleka okunjalo.

Uma umnikazi wokhiye eshona noma esula esikhundleni

Umthetho wokuthembela uthatha ukuthi abantu bangashintshwa. Ama-Trustees ayasula noma ayafa, u-Master uchibiyela izincwadi zegunya futhi i-trust iyaqhubeka. Izikhiye ziyawuqeda lowo mcabango. Uma ukuphela komuntu owayazi ukuthi imishwana yembewu ihlala kuphi, i-trust isenayo i-Bitcoin yayo ephepheni futhi ngeke iphinde iphinde ihambise. Ibhalansi ibonakala kunoma ubani obukekayo futhi ongafinyeleleki muntu. Awukho umyalo wenkantolo ophoqelela i-Uchungechunge lwamabhulokhi futhi akekho umabi wefa ongabiza isikhwama sehadiwe.

Ngabhala mayelana nenguqulo yomuntu siqu yalokhu kwehluleka ku kwenzekani ku-Bitcoin yakho uma ushona. Inguqulo yokwethenjwa ithethelela kakhulu, inqobo nje uma isenzo siphoqa isiyalo.

Isenzo kufanele sidinge iphrothokholi yenguquko ebhaliwe njengomsebenzi omile esikhundleni senhloso enhle. Empeleni lokho kusho abasayini bokwenza isipele abanikezwe kusengaphambili, izinyathelo zokugibela ezibhaliwe zomnikazi wokhiye omusha kanye nokuzungezisa ukhiye okwenziwa kushejuli ebuka abantu abangaphezu koyedwa. Izincwadi zomyalelo zibuyekezwa ngeviki elifanayo lapho umphathiswa eshintsha, indlela inkampani ebuyekeza ngayo abasayini bayo basebhange. I-multisig vault egijima ngale ndlela isinda kunoma yikuphi ukufa okukodwa ngaphandle kwedrama, ngoba okhiye abasele basahlangabezana nekhoramu ngenkathi kwakhiwa enye.

I-trust ethola leli lungelo ingabamba i-Bitcoin ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, okuyiphuzu lonke lesakhiwo. Akekho ozifaka enkingeni yokuyimisa ishumi leminyaka elilodwa. Ngenza imephu leyo arc ende i-Bitcoin yamazwe amaningi.

Ukuchibiyela itayitela elithi cha

Lapho amandla akhona engabandakanyi i-Bitcoin, ukulungiswa kuncike esenzweni. Izenzo eziningi zesimanje ziphethe isigatshana sazo sokuchitshiyelwa, ngokuvamile esidinga ukuthi umsunguli nabaphathiswa bavumelane ngokubhala, ngezinye izikhathi bahlanganiswe abahlomuli abamukele izinzuzo. Isichibiyelo esayiniwe sifakwa ku-Master futhi i-trust iyaqhubeka. Lapho singekho isigatshana sokuchitshiyelwa esisebenzayo esikhona noma umsunguli eshonile, isigaba 13 soMthetho Wokulawulwa Kwezakhiwo zeTrust sivumela inkantolo ukuthi iguqule izinhlinzeko eziletha imiphumela umsunguli angakaze ayibone kusengaphambili. Itayitela elikhiyelwe kumenyu yokutshalwa kwezimali yango-1980 liyikhandidethi elifanelekile laleyo mpikiswano, nakuba isicelo senkantolo sibiza isineke esikhulu kunesiginesha.

Ukuhleleka kokusebenza kuwumdlalo wonke. Hlela kuqala. Thenga okwesibili.

Umphathiswa othenga kuqala futhi aphinde ahlele kabusha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi usevele ephule umthetho futhi uthemba ukuthi akekho umuntu onezingqondo ezimile. Abahlomuli banezinkumbulo ezinde nabameli abangcono. Isichibiyelo ngokuvamile singabhalwa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthi iphekhi ye-FICA iqedwe, ngakho ukwenza izinto ngokulandelana okulungile akubizi nhlobo isikhathi.

I-FICA, i-FSCA kanye ne-SARS bonke bathola izwi

Amapayipi okulawula azungeze ukuthengwa kwakheke kakhulu kunalokho okulindelwe abaphathiswa abaningi. Mhla ziyi-19 kuMfumfu wezi-2022 i-FSCA yamemezela izimpahla ze-crypto njengomkhiqizo wezezimali ngaphansi koMthetho Wokululeka Ngezezimali kanye Nomphakathi Wezinsizakalo (FAIS), ngakho-ke noma ubani oweluleka nge-Bitcoin noma oyixhumanisayo kumakhasimende kufanele anikezwe ilayisense njengomhlinzeki wezinsizakalo zezezimali noma enze njengommeleli oyedwa. Abahlinzeki besevisi yempahla ye-Crypto baphinde bangezwa ohlwini lwe-FIC Act lwezikhungo eziphendulayo, ezibeka yonke into ethenjwayo ukuthi ingene ngaphakathi kwe-FICA.

Ukuze uthole ukwethenjwa ukuqinisekiswa kusebenza ngezendlalelo. Lindela ukukhiqiza itayitela nezincwadi zegunya, kanye nomazisi wawo wonke umuntu ophathekayo kanye nabo bonke abahlomuli abashiwo encwadini yetayitela, ngaphambi kokuthi kuvulwe i-akhawunti noma kuvulwe indawo yokugcina impahla. Iphakethe lizwakala lisinda lapho umndeni ulihlanganisa okokuqala. Kuyisizathu futhi isizathu sokuba i-trust egcinwe ngokufanelekile ivikeleke ngendlela okungekho malungiselelo angahlelekile. Ngibeke uhlu oluphelele lwamadokhumenti ku Ukuhambisana ne-Bitcoin ne-FICA.

Ezinye izinsuku ezimbili zingezedayari yabaphatheli. Kusukela ngomhla zingama-30 kuMbasa 2025 umthetho wokuvakasha ngaphansi kwe-FIC's Directive 9 ubudinga ulwazi lomsunguli kanye nomzuzi ukuthi luhambisane nokudluliswa kwempahla ye-crypto phakathi kwabahlinzeki, ngakho-ke ama-hops angaziwa phakathi kokuhwebelana ayaqedwa nganoma yikuphi ukugeleza okulawulwayo. Futhi i-SARS izinikele ku-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework, ngokushintshana ngokuzenzakalela kolwazi lwentela ye-crypto phakathi kweziphathimandla zentela okuhloswe ukuthi ziqale ngo-2027. I-akhawunti ye-offshore ngeke ihlale ingabonakali. Isigaba somthetho sokugcina amarekhodi asiwona umhlobiso we-bureaucratic. Ukulahlwa kuvula imicimbi yentela, izimbuyiselo ze-trust zizohlolwa ngedatha yenkampani yangaphandle futhi umphathiswa osayina lawo maphepha okubuyisela uphethe okujwayelekile kwesigaba 9 kuwo wonke ulayini.

Lapho ngangizoqala khona

Ukulandelana kwami okuthembekile komndeni ohlezi phezu kwetayitela yevintage engaziwa igijima kanje. Thumela itayitela kummeli othembekile ngomugqa owodwa kafushane: qinisekisa ukuthi le trust ingakwazi yini ukubamba impahla yedijithali ngokusemthethweni futhi uma ingakwazi, indlela emfushane ethobelayo eya ku-yebo. Shintsha uma kudingeka futhi ufake isichibiyelo. Hlanganisa iphakethe le-FICA ngenkathi lizungeza. Yilapho-ke kuphela evula i-akhawunti futhi uthenge, uvumele izinhlamvu zemali zihlale endaweni engaphansi ye-multisig kanye nokuphatha itayitela elichazwa manje kanye nezincwadi zeziyalezo zisayinwe ngalo lelo sonto.

Kufanele ngisho ngokusobala lokho engingeyikho. Ngeluleka nge-Bitcoin ngaphansi kwe-CAEP Asset Managers (FSP 33933); Angiyena ummeli othenjwayo. Akukho lutho lapha okuyiseluleko sezomthetho futhi akukho naso esingena esikhundleni sikachwepheshe we-fiduciary ofunda itayitela lakho langempela. Uhlangothi lwami lwethebula idizayini yesitokisi kanye nezinsimbi ezinelayisensi ezenza izigaba zommeli zisebenze ngokusebenza.

I-trust deed idlula wonke umuntu oyisayinayo. Inguqulo oyifakile kulo nyaka ngolunye usuku izofundwa umphathiswa ongakaze uhlangane naye, okunyakazayo ongakaze ucabange ngaphansi kwemithetho okungakabhalwa muntu okwamanje. Bhala izigaba zeBitcoin zalowo muntu. Bangamaklayenti angempela.