Yintoni efunwa yiTrasti yaseMzantsi Afrika malunga neBitcoin

Uxwebhu lwetrasti yinkcazo yomsebenzi wetrasti. Xa ingathethi malunga ne-asethi yedijithali, i-trustee ethenga i-Bitcoin ye-trust isebenza ngaphandle kwegunya kwaye inokuphatha nayiphi na ilahleko. Uninzi lwemisebenzi yaseMzantsi Afrika yabhalwa kudala ngaphambi ko-2009. Okulandelayo lulwimi olufunwa nguxwebhu phambi kokuba i-trust ichukumise isatoshi yayo yokuqala.

Uxwebhu yinkcazo yomsebenzi wetrasti

Itrasti yaseMzantsi Afrika sisilwanyana esingaqhelekanga esisemthethweni. Ayisiyonkampani kwaye ayinabuntu bayo obusemthethweni. Abaphathiswa babamba ipropati ngendlela yokuthembeka kwaye baphendula kumaxwebhu amabini ngexesha elinye. Eyokuqala nguMthetho woLawulo lwePropati yeTrust wama-57 ka-1988, omisela umgangatho womthetho: akukho mphathiswa unokuthatha inyathelo de uMphathi weNkundla ePhakamileyo akhuphe iileta zamagunya kwaye icandelo lesi-9 libambe wonke umntu otrasti kwinkathalo, inkuthalo nesakhono esinokulindelwa ngokufanelekileyo kumntu olawula imicimbi yomnye. Uxwebhu lwesibini luxwebhu ngokwalo. Nawaphi na amandla angawanikiyo umsebenzi, umphathiswa akanawo.

Leyo ngongoma yesibini apho i-Bitcoin ifumana ama-trustee enkingeni.

Umphathiswa otyala imali ngaphandle kwamagunya kwisenzo akenzi umnxeba okhaliphileyo. Wenza ngaphandle kwegunya. Ukuba itrasti ifumana ilahleko kutyalo-mali olungagunyaziswanga, umphathiswa unokuthweswa uxanduva lobuqu lokuyenza ilunge, nokuba ibiyintoni na injongo yakhe nokuba i-asethi yenziwe kakuhle kangakanani na ngaphambi kokuba iwe. UMthetho ugcina ipropati yetrasti ingaphandle kwempahla yomntu othenjwa. Ayiniki ukhuseleko oluqhuba ngenye indlela.

Uninzi lweencwadi ezisasazwayo zabhalwa ngamagqwetha awayengazange alive igama elithi satoshi. Oko akukokugxeka kwamagqwetha. Sisizathu sokufunda isenzo sakho ngaphambi kokuba ufunde elinye igama malunga nexabiso.

Ngaba isiqinisekiso osele unaso singayibamba i-Bitcoin?

Kuxhomekeke kwigatya lamagunya otyalo-mali. Izenzo ziwela kwiintsapho ezintathu. Olona ludala lugunyazisa uluhlu oluvaliweyo: isitokhwe sikarhulumente, iibhondi zokubambisa, iidiphozithi zebhanki. I-Bitcoin ihleli ngaphandle kwayo. Usapho lwesibini luvumela izabelo kunye nezibambiso, zihlala zikhawulelwe kwizixhobo ezidweliswe kutshintshiselwano olwaziwayo, amagama aphinde akhuphe iBitcoin kuba iBitcoin ayilokhuseleko phantsi koMthetho weeMarike zeMali kwaye ayidweliswanga naphi na. Usapho lwesithathu lunika amandla otyalo-mali kuyo nayiphi na iasethi yayo nayiphi na indalo, ulwakhiwo lwangoku, olugubungela iBitcoin ngokuphikisanayo.

Igama ngokuphikisanayo kufuneka lenze umsebenzi omninzi kweso sivakalisi.

Naphantsi kwawona magama abanzi, ukuthi cwaka kudala ingxaki ebonakalayo. Umphathiswa olinganiswe ngokuchasene nomgangatho wecandelo lesi-9 kufuneka akwazi ukubonisa ukuba ukubamba i-asethi eguquguqukayo yayisisigqibo esiqwalaselwayo ngaphakathi kwesigunyaziso. Umphathiswa ozimeleyo wacela ukuba asayine ukuthenga kweBitcoin phantsi kwesivumelwano esingazange sikhankanye ii-asethi zedijithali ngokufuthi siyakwala, kumhlaba onengqondo wokuba inkundla ifunda amagunya ibeka izinto zakhe zobuqu emgceni. I-Express wording iyayiphelisa loo ngxabano phambi kokuba iqale kwaye ixabisa iqhezu leenokuthi ingxabano ibiya kuba yintoni na.

Kukwakho nombuzo wangaphambili, wokuba ingaba i-trust ifanele ukubamba iingqekembe konke konke. Ndilinganisa intembeko kwinkampani kunye negama lakho lobuqu apho iBitcoin yakho kufuneka ihlale khona.

Amagatya afunwa yi-deed ngaphambi kokuba i-trust ithenge

Xa isivumelwano silungiswa okanye siyilwe ngokutsha kwiBitcoin yokubamba, iziqwenga ezintlanu zolwimi zifumana indawo yazo. Uyilo lolwegqwetha. Olu luhlu lungezantsi lolo ndisebenza kulo xa usapho lubuza ukuba yintoni na engekhoyo.

• Ukuvakalisa amandla okufumana nokubamba i-asethi yedijithali kuquka i-Bitcoin kunye nokuzilahla, kunye ne-asethi echazwe njengento eyiyo: isixhobo somphathi esilawulwa nguye nabani na ophethe izitshixo.
• Amandla onyula ababoneleli ngeenkonzo ze-asethi ze-crypto ezinelayisenisi zokugcinwa kunye nokwenziwa kunye nokusayina izigunyaziso zabo egameni le-trust.
• Isakhelo solawulo sezitshixo: indlela ezisasazwa ngayo phakathi kwabaphathiswa kunye namaqela esithathu, yeyiphi ikhoram egunyazisa intengiselwano kunye nendlela yokulawula utshintsho xa umnini-ntloko esifa okanye engakwazi ukwenza okuthile.
• Uxanduva lokurekhoda yonke into efunyenweyo kunye nokulahlwa ngemihla kunye namaxabiso erandi, kwinqanaba SARS elindele kulo naluphi na olunye udidi lwe-asethi.
• Amandla okubandakanya abacebisi abaziingcali, ukusuka kumagqwetha athembekileyo ukuya kubasebenzi berhafu, ngeendleko zetrasti.

Inye into mayingaze ibonakale kwisenzo: izitshixo ngokwazo.

Uxwebhu lufakwa kwi-Master, lukhutshelwe abanini-bhanki, luqhotyoshelwe kwiipakethi ze-FICA kwaye lufundwe ngabaphicothi-zincwadi ubomi bakhe bonke. Ibinzana lembewu elibhalwe kuyo libinzana lembewu elipapashwe. Ingqiqo efanayo iyasebenza nakwimiyolelo. Uxwebhu lunika amagunya kwaye luchaza ulawulo; iinkcukacha zokusebenza, apho izitshixo zihlala khona kunye nendlela umntu oza kungena ezihlangwini ngayo, zezoonobumba abahlukeneyo bemiyalelo enokuhlaziywa ngaphandle kokulungisa nantoni na.

Ngubani ngokwenene obambe izitshixo trust

I-Bitcoin ayikwazi ukuba yi-trustee. Ulawulo lulandela izitshixo zangasese kunokuba iileta zegunya, yiyo loo nto ulawulo oluphambili lufanelwe ingqwalasela engaphezulu kunalo naliphi na elinye igatya kwisenzo. I-trustee enye ephethe i-wallet ye-hardware enye yinto enye yokusilela ekunxibeni igama le-fiduciary.

Ulwakhiwo olulungisa oku luninzi lwentsebenziswano.

Kwilungiselelo le-2-of-3 i-Bitcoin ye-trust ihleli emva kwezitshixo ezintathu kwaye naziphi na ezimbini kufuneka zisayine phambi kokuba ingqekembe ihambe. Ukusasazwa ngabom: izitshixo kunye nabaphathiswa, isitshixo sokubuyisela kunye nomboneleli olawulwayo kwaye akukho nto naphi na evumela ukuba umntu omnye enze yedwa. Inkqubo yokuthembana yaseMzantsi Afrika sele icinga ngolu hlobo. Ukusukela kwisigwebo seLand Bank v Parker ngo-2005 i-Master ifuna rhoqo itrasti ezimeleyo kwiitrasti zeshishini losapho, kanye ukunqanda usapho oluphatha ipropathi yetrasti njengemali yekhaya. I-Multisig isusa loo mgaqo kwiletahedi kwaye iwunyanzelise kwiprothokholi. Ikhoram ayingomgaqo-nkqubo nabani na anokuthi cwaka angawuhoyi. Yindlela isipaji esisebenza ngayo.

Le yindlela endiyakha ngayo iVault ye-SimplB yabathengi abathembekileyo. Abaphathiswa babambe izitshixo ezibini zehardware, i-Trezor kunye ne-Ileja, zigcinwe zodwa. Ndibambe okwesithathu, isitshixo sokubuyisela i-Coldcard, njengoMmeli osemthethweni we-CAEP Asset Managers (FSP 33933). I-trust ithengiselana ngezitshixo zayo ezimbini kwaye isitshixo sam siza kudlala kuphela ekubuyiseni, xa isixhobo sisilela okanye umnini-key engasekho. Ndithatha iiseti zeVault ezintlanu ngenyanga, zininzi kangangoko ndinokwenza ngokufanelekileyo.

Kukho i-backstop esemthethweni ekufanele ukwazi ngayo. I-Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA) ithatha i-crypto assets egcinwe kugcino olukhuselekileyo lomxhasi njengepropathi yetrasti phantsi koMthetho wamaZiko eziMali (uKhuseleko lweNgxowa-mali). Kufuneka zigcinwe zahlukile kwii-asethi zomboneleli kwaye azinakuze zibe yinxalenye yelifa lomboneleli, nokuba utshonisekile. Iingqekembe ezihleli kwi-offshore exchange phantsi kwelungiselelo lomtyunjwa alonwabeli ukhuseleko olunjalo.

Xa umnini-khiye esifa okanye erhoxa

Umthetho wetrust uthatha ukuba abantu banokuthatha indawo yabo. IiTrasti ziyarhoxa okanye ziyafa, uMphathi ulungisa iileta zegunya kwaye itrasti iqhubeke. Izitshixo ziyayiqhawula loo ngcinga. Ukuba ekuphela komntu owayesazi apho amabinzana embewu ahlala khona, i-trust isenayo iBitcoin yayo ephepheni kwaye ayisayi kuphinda iyishukumise. Ibhalansi ibonakala kuye nabani na ojongeka kwaye akafikeleleki ngumntu. Akukho myalelo wenkundla unyanzelisa i-Isixokelelwano seebloko kwaye akukho mabi unokuwisa isipaji sehardware.

Ndabhala malunga nenguqulelo yobuqu yale ntsilelo kwi kwenzeka ntoni kwiBitcoin yakho xa usifa. Inguqulelo yetrust ixolela ngakumbi, ukuba isenzo sinyanzelisa uqeqesho.

Isenzo kufuneka sifune iprotocol yenguqu ebhaliweyo njengomsebenzi omileyo endaweni yenjongo elungileyo. Ngokwenza oko kuthetha abasayini be-backups ababelwe kwangaphambili, amanyathelo abhaliweyo okungena kwi-keyholder entsha kunye nojikelezo oluphambili olwenziwa kwishedyuli kunye nomntu omnye obukeleyo. Iileta zemiyalelo zihlaziywa kwiveki enye i-trustee itshintsha, indlela inkampani ehlaziya ngayo abasayini bayo bebhanki. I-multisig vault ibaleka ngale ndlela isinda nakuphi na ukufa ngaphandle kwedrama, kuba izitshixo ezishiyekileyo zisahlangabezana nekhoram ngelixa kusenziwa ukutshintshwa.

I-trust efumana eli lungelo inokubamba i-Bitcoin kwizizukulwana, eyona ngongoma yesakhiwo. Akukho mntu uya enkingeni yokumisela enye ishumi leminyaka. Ndiyimaphu le arc ende iBitcoin yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukulungisa uxwebhu oluthi hayi

Apho amandla akhoyo angabandakanyi i-Bitcoin, ukulungiswa kuxhomekeke kwisenzo. Uninzi lwezenzo zale mihla zinegatya lazo lolungiso, elidla ngokufuna ukuba umseki kunye nabaphathiswa bavumelane ngokubhaliweyo, ngamanye amaxesha kudityaniswe nabaxhamli abathe bavuma izibonelelo. Ulungiso olusayiniweyo lufakwe kwi-Master kwaye i-trust iya phambili. Apho kungekho mhlathi wesilungiso esisebenzayo okanye umseki eswelekile, icandelo le-13 loMthetho woLawulo lwePropati yeTrasti livumela inkundla ukuba itshintshe amalungiselelo ezisa iziphumo umseki angazange azibone kwangaphambili. Isivumelwano esitshixelwe kwimenyu yotyalo-mali yoo-1980 ngumgqatswa ofanelekileyo waloo ngxoxo, nangona isicelo senkundla sixabisa umonde ongaphezulu kunomtyikityo.

Ulandelelwano lwemisebenzi ngumdlalo wonke. Yilungise kuqala. Thenga okwesibini.

Umphathiswa othenga kuqala aze ahlengahlengise emva koko sele ephule umthetho kwaye unethemba lokuba akukho mntu unokuma ezingqondweni. Abaxhamli baneenkumbulo ezinde kunye namagqwetha angcono. Isilungiso sinokubhalwa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba ipakethe ye-FICA igqitywe, ngoko ukwenza izinto ngendlela efanelekileyo kubiza akukho xesha konke konke.

I-FICA, i-FSCA kunye ne-SARS zonke ziba nelizwi

Imibhobho elawulayo malunga nokuthenga yakhiwe ngakumbi kunokuba uninzi lwabaphathiswa balindele. Ngomhla we-19 ku-Okthobha ka-2022 i-FSCA ibhengeze iimpahla ze-crypto njengemveliso yezemali phantsi koMthetho weeNgcebiso zezeMali kunye ne-Intermediary Services Act (FAIS) Act, ngoko nabani na ocebisa nge-Bitcoin okanye odibanisayo kubathengi kufuneka anikwe ilayisenisi njengomboneleli weenkonzo zemali okanye enze njengommeli omnye. Ababoneleli ngenkonzo ye-asethi ye-Crypto nabo bongezwa kuluhlu loMthetho we-FIC lwamaziko anoxanduva, obeka yonke intembeko ukuba ingene ngaphakathi kwe-FICA.

Kwi-trust uqinisekiso luqhuba ngokwemigangatho. Kulindeleke ukuvelisa uxwebhu kunye neeleta zesigunyaziso, kunye nezazisi zabo bonke abathenjwa kunye nabo bonke abaxhamli abachazwe kwitayitile, phambi kokuba kuvulwe iakhawunti okanye kusekwe ivault. Ipakethi ivakalelwa nzima xa intsapho idibanisa okokuqala. Ikwasisizathu sokuba ukugcinwa kwetrasti ngokufanelekileyo kukhuseleke ngendlela ekungekho malungiselelo angekho sikweni. Ndibeke uluhlu olupheleleyo lwamaxwebhu ngaphakathi Ukuthotyelwa kweBitcoin kunye neFICA.

Imihla emibini eyongezelelweyo ikwidayari yabaphathiswa. Ukusukela nge-30 ka-Epreli ka-2025 umgaqo wokuhamba phantsi kwe-9 ye-FIC's Directive 9 ifune ulwazi lomqalisi kunye nomxhamli ukuba lukhaphe ukudluliselwa kwe-asethi ye-crypto phakathi kwababoneleli, ngoko ke i-hops engaziwa phakathi kotshintshiselwano igqityiwe kuyo nayiphi na ukuhamba okulawulwayo. Kwaye i-SARS izinikele kwi-Organisation ye-Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) ye-Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework, kunye nokutshintshiselana ngokuzenzekelayo kolwazi lwerhafu ye-crypto phakathi kwamagunya erhafu ahloselwe ukuqala ngo-2027. I-akhawunti ye-offshore ayiyi kuhlala ingabonakali. Igatya lokugcina irekhodi yetayitile ayikohombiswa ngokomthetho. Ukulahlwa kukhokelela kwiziganeko zerhafu, iimbuyekezo zetrasti ziya kuvavanywa ngokuchasene nedatha yomntu wesithathu kwaye umphathiswa osayina ezo mbuyekezo uphethe umgangatho wecandelo lesi-9 kuwo wonke umgca.

Apho bendiza kuqala khona

Ulandelelwano lwam olunyanisekileyo kusapho oluhleli kwi-deed yevintage engaziwayo ibaleka ngolu hlobo. Thumela isiqinisekiso kwigqwetha elithembekileyo ngomgca omnye: qinisekisa ukuba ngaba le trust ingabamba ngokusemthethweni i-asethi yedijithali kwaye ukuba ayinako, eyona ndlela imfutshane ethobelayo eya ewe. Hlomela xa kukho imfuneko kwaye ufake isilungiso. Hlanganisa ipakethe ye-FICA ngelixa ijikeleza. Kuphela emva koko uvule i-akhawunti kwaye uthenge, uvumela iinkozo ukuba zihlale kwi-multisig vault kunye nolawulo oluchazwa yi-deed ngoku kunye neeleta zomyalelo ezisayinwa kwaloo veki.

Mandiyithethe ngokucacileyo into endingeyiyo. Ndicebisa ngeBitcoin phantsi kweCAEP Asset Managers (FSP 33933); Andililo igqwetha elithembakeleyo. Akukho nto apha ingcebiso yezomthetho kwaye akukho nanye ethatha indawo yengcali yokuthembeka efunda isenzo sakho sokwenyani. Icala lam letheyibhile luyilo lokugcinwa kunye neentsimbi ezinelayisenisi ezenza amagatya egqwetha asebenze ngokusebenza.

Isiqinisekiso sokuthembeka sidlula wonke umntu osisayinayo. Inguqulelo oyifakileyo kulo nyaka ngenye imini iya kufundwa yitrasti ongazange wadibana nayo, ihambisa ixabiso ongazange ulicinge phantsi kwemithetho ekungekabhali mntu. Bhala amagatya eBitcoin kuloo mntu. Ngabona bathengi.