I-Bitcoin njenge-Asethi kaNondyebo weNkampani eMzantsi Afrika: IsiKhokelo saBalawuli beeNkampani
Inkampani yaseMzantsi Afrika inokubeka i-Bitcoin kwi-balance sheet namhlanje, ngokusemthethweni kwaye evulekile, kwaye umbuzo we-accounting uxazululwe, nangona kungekhona ngendlela iibhodi ezininzi ezilindele ngayo. Phantsi kwesigqibo seKomiti yoToliko ye-IFRS kaJuni ka-2019, i-Bitcoin yi-asethi engabambekiyo phantsi kwe-IAS 38, kwaye imodeli yokuhlaziya ithumela iinzuzo zakho komnye umvuzo obanzi ngelixa ilahleko yakho ifikelela kwingeniso nakwilahleko. Okuseleyo ngumsebenzi endihamba ngawo abalawuli: ukungena kwe-accounting, indawo ye-SARS, isisombululo sebhodi, ukugcinwa kunye nokubhengezwa. Oku kukuhamba-hamba, ukusuka kwisigqibo sebhodi lebhodi ukuya kumhla izitshixo zihlala phantsi kolawulo lwenkampani.
Ukuthathwa okungundoqo
I-IAS 38 likhaya eliqhelekileyo lobalo. Ngaphantsi kwemodeli yohlaziyo, ukonyuka kwakho kuya komnye umvuzo obanzi kunye nogcino lohlaziyo ngelixa ukuncipha kwakho kube yinzuzo kunye nelahleko, ngoko ke umvuzo ochaziweyo uthwala ukuwa hayi ukunyuka. SARS irhafu akukho nto de ukulahlwa, ngoko kwinqanaba elisebenzayo le-CGT ye-22.4%. Ibhodi kufuneka yenze isigqibo kwaye imemorandam yokufakwa kufuneka ivumele utyalo-mali. Iingqekembe kufuneka zihlale egameni lenkampani kugcino olucazululiweyo lwe-multisig, asoze abe yiakhawunti yotshintshiselwano yobuqu yomlawuli. Fumana ezo zintlanu zilungile kwaye okuseleyo ngu admin.
Isigqibo siqala kwiphepha lomncono, hayi kwitshathi
Uninzi lwabalawuli beza kum kuba inkampani ihleli kwimali ethe cwaka iphulukana namandla okuthenga. Leyo yindawo yokuqala enyanisekileyo, kwaye yingxaki kanondyebo ngaphambi kokuba ibe yiBitcoin. Irandi engasebenziyo kwi-akhawunti yomnxeba ifumana imbuyekezo yemali ngelixa imali isenza oko kwenziwa ziimali, kwaye ibhodi ebukele ukhukuliseko ayiqiqi xa ijonge indawo enzima yokupaka inxalenye yoovimba bayo. Iyawenza umsebenzi wayo. Isibheno seBitcoin kumgcini-mali asiyiyo itshathi yexabiso kwaphela. Lunikezelo olusisigxina lwemali eziinkozo ezizizigidi ezingama-21 ekungekho bhanki enguvimba inokulinyibilikisa, ihleli kwiphepha lomncono njengothango oluchasene ngqo nohlobo lokuthotywa kwemali olutya imfumba yemali evela ngaphakathi.
Oovulindlela benza le ngxoxo kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwinqanaba elinzima ukuba lingahoyi. Ubuchule, inkampani eyayisakuba yiMicroStrategy, yaqala ukuguqula uvimba wayo wemali ibe yiBitcoin ngo-2020 ngokuthengwa kokuqala kweengqekembe ezingama-70,469 malunga ne-15,964 yeedola zaseMelika nganye, kwaye ixabiso layo lesabelo linyuke ngaphezu kwe-900% ekuqaleni kuka-2021. Ngo-2024 amashishini abanjwe malunga ne-914,000 zemali phakathi kwabo, malunga ne-4.4% yayo yonke into eya kuhlala ikhona, kunye nenani leenkampani ezidwelisiweyo eziphethe i-Bitcoin zikhule nge-80% ngonyaka omnye. Ndilandele indlela elaaza leziko elakhiwe ngayo ukwamkelwa kweziko Bitcoin, kunye noguqulelo olufutshane kukuba ulwabiwo lwe-treasury luyekile ukuba lungaqhelekanga malunga nexesha lokubanjwa kwemithetho ye-accounting.
Ibhodi yaseMzantsi Afrika ayikhethi ukuba lo mbono uyahlonitshwa na. Loo ngxabano iphelile. Ikhetha indlela yokwenza ngokufanelekileyo phantsi kwemithetho yendawo.
Inxalenye yesi siqwenga yindlela.
Unyango lwe-accounting
I-Bitcoin ebanjwe njenge-asethi ye-corporate treasury yi-asethi engabambekiyo phantsi kwe-IAS 38, ilandela isigqibo se-ajenda yeKomiti yeeToliko ze-IFRS ngoJuni 2019. Iphethe ubomi obusebenzisekayo obungenammiselo, ngoko akukho ntlawulo kunye novavanyo lokunciphisa endaweni yoko. Ngaphantsi kwemodeli yeendleko ihlala kwiindleko zokunciphisa okuncinci, oku kuthetha ukuba inzuzo ayinakuze ibonakale kwaphela. Phantsi imodeli uvaluation, apho Bitcoin ufanelekele kuba imarike esebenzayo ikhona, ukunyuka ukuya kwenye ingeniso ebanzi kunye nogcino uvandlakanyo kunokuba inzuzo, ngelixa ukuncipha ukuya kwinzuzo kunye nelahleko ngaphandle kwinqanaba lokuba umva iinzuzo esele ehleli kugcino. Le ngongoma ininzi oonondyebo bexesha lokuqala bayijongela phantsi, kuba ithetha ukuba ingxelo yengeniso yakho inika ingxelo yokuwa kwaye hayi ukunyuka okoko nje ubambe isikhundla, kwaye ikomiti yophicotho kufuneka iqonde ukuba ngaphambi kokuba ingqekembe yokuqala ithengwe kunokuba emva kwekota yokuqala embi. Ndiyibekile into eyenziwa yile asymmetry kwibhodi ephantsi koxinzelelo Ulawulo lukanondyebo weBitcoin eMzantsi Afrika.
Kubalulekile ukwazi imithetho yaseMelika ihambile, kwaye eyakho ayizange ihambe. I-FASB ASU 2023-08 ibeka iinkampani zase-US kwixabiso elifanelekileyo ngengeniso eshiyekileyo, ukuze babone iinzuzo zeBitcoin ezingafezekanga kunye nelahleko ngokufanayo. Yiyo loo nto uninzi lwamagqabantshintshi kanondyebo owafundayo athatha i-symmetry engekhoyo kwintatheli ye-IFRS yaseMzantsi Afrika. Funda i-inshorensi yamazwe ngamazwe loo mahluko ugcinwe ngokuqinileyo engqondweni, kuba umsantsa asilolongamela nabani na onenjongo yokulivala egameni lakho. Kulapho ezi lawulo zimbini zikhoyo ngoku.
SARS irhafu yokuthengisa, hayi ujingi
I-SARS iphatha inkampani yeBitcoin njenge-asethi eyinkunzi, kwaye umcimbi werhafu ulahlwa. Akukho nto uyibonayo kumgca wexabiso elifanelekileyo ibangela isenti yerhafu de inkampani ithengise. Ekuchitheni ingeniso yingeniso kuthatyathwe indleko yokuqala, irhafiswa kwireyithi yoshishino kunye ne-80% yenzuzo ebandakanyiweyo kwaye irhafiswa ngama-28%, esebenzayo ngama-22.4%.
Umgibe kukuba iiakhawunti zakho kunye nembuyekezo yakho yerhafu ngoku ayivumelani ngenjongo. Ixabiso lobalo-mali limatsha ukuya kwixabiso elifanelekileyo ngalo lonke ixesha lokunika ingxelo ngelixa isiseko seendleko ze-SARS sihlala sinomkhenkce koko ukuhlawuleyo. Inkampani ethenge nge-R5 yezigidi zeerandi nenika ingxelo yokuba kubanjwe i-R9 yezigidi ibonisa inzuzo ye-R4 yezigidi kwiingxelo zayo kwaye akukabikho tyala layo irhafu kuyo.
Ke uphatha amanani amabini ecaleni, ixabiso elifanelekileyo lokunika ingxelo kunye nexabiso lokuqala le-SARS, kwaye uwagcina ahlukeneyo kusuku lokuqala. Fumana ilungelo lokugcina irekhodi ekuthengeni kwaye uzigcinele ulwakhiwo olubi kamva.
Isisombululo sebhodi kunye ne-MOI
Akukho ngqekembe kufuneka ihambe phambi kokuba ibhodi idibane kwaye ibhale ngemizuzu isigqibo. Isigqibo kufuneka sichaze injongo yokubamba, isixa-mali serandi esigunyazisiweyo, amalungiselelo okugcinwa kunye nomntu onegunya lokulawula isikhundla. Asiyonto isesikweni. Luxwebhu olukhusela abalawuli ukuba ixabiso liyancipha kwaye umntu ubuza ukuba ngubani osayineyo.
Imemorandam yomanyano yenkampani kufuneka nayo ivumele utyalo-mali. Uninzi lwee-MOI ezindala ezibhalwe kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba nabani na acinge malunga ne-crypto assets zimxinwa ngokwaneleyo ukwenza ulwabiwo lwe-treasury luthandabuzeke, kwaye apho kunjalo isisombululo sabanini-zabelo sokulungisa i-MOI siza kuqala. Ogama lakhe ekugqibeleni lihlala kwi-asethi sisigqibo ngokwaso, kwaye ndibeka igama lobuqu ngokuchasene nenkampani ngokuchasene norhwebo kwi-trust-off. Bitcoin kwinkampani, trust okanye igama lomntu.
Kwinkampani edwelisiweyo ibha iyanyuka kwakhona. Ikomiti yophicotho-zincwadi kufuneka ibe yeyongamele umngcipheko kwaye ibhodi kufuneka ikulungele ukuxelela abaninizabelo ngento eyenzileyo.
Apho ivela khona imali
Ulwabiwo lwemali kufuneka luxhaswe ngemali ukusuka kwenye indawo, kwaye iibhodi endihlala nazo zihlala zisifumana kwindawo ezintathu ezifanayo. Imali eyongezelelweyo kunye neebhondi zexesha elifutshane ezilahlekileyo ngokuthula zilahlekelwa yixabiso lokwenene ngumthombo ocacileyo, kuba loo nto iyinkunzi yeheji yenzelwe ukukhusela kwindawo yokuqala. Ezinye iinkampani zithumela imali ezinokuthi ngenye indlela beziyichithe ekuthengeni umva kwesabelo okanye kwiprojekthi eyinkunzi enembuyekezo ephantsi, kwingqiqo yokuba uvimba wonikezelo olusisigxina unokwenza okungakumbi kubaninizabelo kwisithuba seshumi leminyaka kunoko. Abambalwa basusa inkunkuma kwenye indawo kwaye basebenzise ugcino. Akukho nanye kuloo nto ifuna intshukumo emandla yokubheja kwenkampani, kwaye ayifanelanga ukuba ibenye. Ulwabiwo lukanondyebo sisiqwenga sovimba, silingana nomnqweno webhodi, hayi uguqulelo lwe-wholesale ye-balance sheet.
Ukuba sikhulu kangakanani eso silayi asingombuzo endiwuphendulayo kwinqaku. Kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zemali zenkampani, ukunyamezela umngcipheko kunye nexesha layo, kwaye ikwigumbi elinamanani akhoyo.
Ukugcinwa kweBitcoin yeshishini
Kulapho ndibona khona iinkampani zingakhathali. I-Bitcoin kufuneka igcinwe egameni lenkampani, hayi kwiakhawunti yomlawuli kwaye hayi kwi-wallet yotshintshiselwano edityanisiweyo apho ingqekembe yomthengi ngamnye ihlala kwimfumba efanayo. Unondyebo wenkampani akanakuxhomekeka kuloo nto. I-Bitcoin ye-Corporate idinga ukugcinwa okwahlukeneyo, okugcinwe ngokucacileyo ngaphandle kwe-asethi yomgcini kunye nabanye abaxumi, kunye nebhalansi inkampani enokuziqinisekisa ngayo nanini na.
I-Multisig iyimodeli efanelekileyo kwesi sikali, kwaye i-Vault yam iqhuba njenge-2-of-3 isakhiwo ukuze kungabikho qela elinye elinokuhambisa nantoni na yodwa: inkampani ibambe isitshixo sokusayina, okwesibini sihlala kunye nam njengomlenze olawulwayo nge-CAEP Asset Managers (FSP 33933) kunye nesitshixo sesithathu esizimeleyo sinokubanjwa ngokwahlukileyo. Inkampani igcina ubunini bomthwali ngokuthe ngqo ngolawulo oluninzi. Ulwabiwo olukhulu lusebenza phezu kwekhawuntara nakuwuphi na ubungakanani, ngexabiso lokufunyanwa kunye neendleko zerandi ezibhalwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze isikhundla sime ngexesha lokufayilisha kunye nakuphicotho.
Ukufumana ilungelo lokugcina ngokungalunganga yimpazamo enye engenakulungiswa ngokungeniswa kwijenali.
I-precedent edwelisiweyo sele ikhona apha
Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ucinge ukuba oku kujongeka njani kwiphepha lomncono laseMzantsi Afrika, kuba sele lirhweba kwiJohannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). I-Africa Bitcoin Corporation inyuse inkunzi ngokukodwa ukubamba i-Bitcoin njenge-asethi ye-treasury, idiza ukubamba kubaninizabelo kwaye ikuxele phantsi kwe-IAS 38 unyango olusebenza kuzo zonke iintatheli ze-IFRS. Ulwakhiwo lusemthethweni, ucwangciso-mali luselubala kwaye ludlulise uphononongo lotshintshiselwano. Ndijonge olo luhlu ngokweenkcukacha Inkampani yokuqala yaseAfrika edweliswe nguJSE yeBitcoin, kunye nombuzo obanzi wokuba ingabamba iingqekembe zemali ngokuthe ngqo okanye uthenge isithuthi sikanondyebo esidwelisiweyo endaweni yoko uhamba ngeyam ukuphononongwa kweenkampani ze-Bitcoin zobuncwane. Kwinkampani efuna i-asethi kunesabelo, ubunini obuthe ngqo phantsi kogcino olufanelekileyo yindlela ecocekileyo, kuba i-treasury eyakhelwe kwi-balance sheet yomnye umntu izuza umngcipheko wenkampani phezu kweBitcoin.
Ukubhengeza kunye nokuphila kunye nokuguquguquka
Inkampani edwelisiweyo ebambe isikhundla sezinto eziphathekayo kufuneka ichaze ubume bayo: imali ekhoyo, isiseko seendleko, ixabiso elifanelekileyo ngexesha lokunika ingxelo, ingeniso okanye ilahleko engakhange ifikelelwe, ilungiselelo lokugcina kunye nenjongo. Umphicothi-zincwadi uqinisekisa ukuba iinkozo zemali zikhona ngomgcini kwaye ujonga ukuba umlinganiselo wexabiso elifanelekileyo uhambelana ne-IAS 38, kwaye utshintsho lwezinto eziphathekayo lunokufuna isaziso se-SENS ngaphakathi kwexesha le-JSE. Inkampani yabucala iphendula kwamehlo ambalwa kodwa iphethe ingxelo efanayo kunye nezibophelelo zerhafu, ngoko ke uqeqesho luyafana nokuba yeyiphi na indlela.
Phatha i-Bitcoin njengayo nayiphi na enye i-asethi ye-nondyebo ibhodi iphendula ngayo: qinisekisa ngekota, bhala phantsi kwangaphambili iimeko onokuthi unciphise okanye uphume phantsi kwazo kwaye umzuzu zonke izigqibo eziphathekayo njengoko zisenzeka. Ukuguquguquka yinxalenye ebamba iibhodi zingalindelwanga, ngoko ke ubukhulu bendawo kwindawo leyo abalawuli banokuphila nayo. I-R50 yezigidi zeerandi ingashenxisa i-R5 ukuya kwi-R10 yezigidi ngeveki, kunye nebhodi evumelene ephepheni ukuba ingakwazi ukuziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwinyanga embi kunaleyo ingazange ibe nayo incoko.
Thenga ngaphandle kwedrama. Bamba ngaphandle koondlela-mfutshane. Bhala yonke into ukuze isikhundla sisinde kuphicotho-zincwadi, umlawuli atshintshe, okanye unyaka onzima. Nguwo wonke lo msebenzi, kwaye uyadika ngaphezu kokuba izihloko zeendaba zicebisa, leyo yindlela kanye ekufanele ukuba ngayo unondyebo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Ngaba inkampani yaseMzantsi Afrika ingabamba ngokusemthethweni i-Bitcoin njenge-asethi kanondyebo?
Ewe. Umthetho weenkampani zaseMzantsi Afrika awukuthinteli, kwaye i-IAS 38 inika isikhokelo sobalo-mali esicacileyo silandela isigqibo se-ajenda yeKomiti yeeToliko ze-IFRS yangoJuni 2019. I-MOI kufuneka ivumele utyalo-mali kwaye ibhodi kufuneka yenze isigqibo sokuluvuma. Ngaphandle kwaloo manyathelo olawulo lwangaphakathi, akukho mvume eyahlukileyo evela kwi-SARS, SARB okanye i-FSCA efunekayo ukuze ubambe i-Bitcoin njenge-asethi ye-treasury.
I-SARS irhafisa njani i-Bitcoin ephethwe yinkampani?
I-SARS iyiphatha njenge-asethi eyinkunzi kwaye isiganeko serhafu sichithwa. Xa inkampani ithengisa, inzuzo yengeniso thabatha iindleko iphantsi kwe-CGT ngesantya esisebenzayo se-22.4%, ibe yi-80% yokubandakanywa kwerhafu kwi-28%. Iinzuzo zexabiso elifanelekileyo elingafezekiswanga kwiingxelo zemali azirhafiswa de kwenzeke intengiso yokwenene. Inkampani igcina ixabiso lokuqala lahlukile kwixabiso elifanelekileyo lobalo kunye neengxelo zokulahlwa kwimbuyekezo yonyaka.
Loluphi ulungiselelo lokugcina olufunekayo kwiBitcoin yeshishini?
Iingqekembe kufuneka zigcinwe egameni lenkampani kwilungiselelo elicalulweyo, kungekhona i-akhawunti yomntu kwaye kungekhona i-wallet yokutshintshiselana. I-Multisig yimodeli efanelekileyo, kuba izitshixo ezininzi zabucala ziyafuneka ukugunyazisa nayiphi na intengiselwano kwaye akukho mntu omnye okanye iziko elinokuhambisa i-Bitcoin yodwa. Inkampani igcina izivumelwano zogcino, iingxelo zamaxesha kunye neerekhodi ezilungileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuze umphicothi-zincwadi aqinisekise.
Uthini umahluko phakathi kwexabiso le-accounting kunye nexabiso lerhafu?
Ixabiso lobalo-mali sisixa-mali esifunyenweyo phantsi kwe-IAS 38, nokuba yindleko engaphantsi komonakalo okanye isixa esixatyiswayo apho kusetyenziswe imodeli yokuhlaziya. Ixabiso le-SARS lixabiso lokuqala, lifakwe emkhenkceni de lilahlwe. Inkampani ethenge nge-R5 yezigidi zeerandi ngoku eyibambe kwi-R9 yezigidi ibonisa inzuzo engakhange iphunyezwe kwii-akhawunti zayo kodwa ayikahlawuli rhafu okwangoku. Xa ithengisa, i-SARS irhafisa inzuzo xa ithelekiswa neendleko ezizizigidi ezi-R5, nokuba athini na amanani ethutyana wokubala. Book a call ukwakha ukugcinwa kweshishini.
Ngaba ulungele ukubeka i-Bitcoin kwiphepha lebhalansi yenkampani?
I-SimplB inceda iinkampani zaseMzantsi Afrika zibambe i-Bitcoin ngokuthobelayo kwi-multisig yokugcinwa kwe-multisig, njengoMmeli we-Juristic we-CAEP Asset Managers (FSP 33933).
Bhukisha umnxeba weshishini we-treasury