I-Bitcoin kanye Nomthethonqubo: Okuboniswa Ubufakazi Empeleni
Ingozi yokulawula abantu abesabayo ngeBitcoin akuyona ingozi ubufakazi obubonisayo. Izihloko zezindaba zithembisa ukwehla. Irekhodi elibhaliwe leminyaka emihlanu edlule libonisa okuphambene: ukugunyazwa, izimemezelo, izahlulelo zenkantolo kanye nezinhlaka zokubika, konke kudonsela i-Bitcoin ngokuqhubekayo ngaphakathi komthetho kunokuba iphushele ngaphandle. Lokhu ukuhamba kulokho okwakwenziwa iNingizimu Afrika ngempela, ngezinsuku, ukuze ukwazi ukukala ubungozi bangempela esikhundleni salowo ocatshangelwe.
Ukhiye wokuthatha
No state can switch off a network running on tens of thousands of nodes across more than 180 countries. What states can do is regulate the on-ramps, and that is exactly what South Africa has done since 2022: the FSCA declared crypto a financial product, the FIC Act pulled providers under anti-money-laundering law, SARS confirmed the tax treatment and SARB has pushed to fold Bitcoin into exchange control. Two High Court judgments now openly disagree on whether Bitcoin is even "capital". The direction is clarity and containment, not prohibition, and a licensed local provider is how you stay on the settled side of a moving line.
Qala ngalokho okwenzeka ngempela, hhayi okungenzeka
Abantu bacabanga ukuvinjelwa. Okwakhiqizwa yiNingizimu Afrika kwakuyinqwaba yezaziso zegazethi.
Ngomhla ziyi-19 kuMfumfu wezi-2022 i-Financial Sector Conduct Authority yashicilela i-General Notice 1350, imemezela izimpahla ze-crypto njengomkhiqizo wezezimali ngaphansi koMthetho we-FAIS. Leyo dokhumenti eyodwa yaphetha cishe iminyaka eyishumi yengxabano mayelana nokuthi i-Bitcoin ihlezi ngaphakathi komthetho noma ngaphandle kwayo, futhi ikwenze lokho ngokulawula abantu abathengisayo nabelulekayo ngayo kunempahla oyiphethe. Noma ubani onikeza iseluleko noma izinsiza zokuxhumanisa ku-crypto manje wayedinga ilayisense noma kudingeka asebenze njengommeleli wenkampani ephethe. Iwindi lesikhashana laqala ngomhla ka-1 Juni 2023 laya ku-30 Novemba 2023 ukuze ama-opharetha akhona afake izicelo. NgoMfumfu wezi-2024 i-FSCA yayisithole izicelo ezingamakhulu amane futhi yagunyaza amakhulu amabili neshumi nesishiyagalombili, kwahoxiswa ikhulu nesithupha, ikakhulukazi ngabafakizicelo abangakwazi ukuhlangabezana nebha yokusebenza noma ikhono. Lokho akusona isimo sokuqhekeka. Kungumumo wemboni elethwa ngaphakathi endlini futhi yenziwe ukufakazela ukuthi ingaziphatha.
Imininingwane engithola yembula kakhulu ukuthi i-FSCA ikushiye ngamabomu. Abavukuzi, ama-node opharetha nabahlinzeki abasebenzelana kuphela namathokheni angewona ama-fungible bakhululiwe kwinetha yokulayisensa, ngesizathu sokuthi imisebenzi yabo isekela inethiwekhi kunokuba bathengise umkhiqizo kukhasimende futhi babeke ingozi ephansi yabathengi. Isilawuli esidweba imigqa ngokucophelela mayelana nokuthi ubani othwetshuliwe nokuthi ubani ongeyena uyisilawuli esizama ukulawula kahle, hhayi ozama ukucisha okuthile. Lowo mehluko yiwo wonke ukutshela. Ukwenqatshelwa akuhluphi ngokulingana.
Ohulumeni balawula umnyango, hhayi isakhiwo
I-China yisimo wonke umuntu afinyelela kuso. Yamemezela imikhawulo ngo-2017, futhi ngo-2021 futhi futhi ngo-2022. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho intengo iwa futhi izingcwabo zibhalwa, futhi isikhathi ngasinye inethiwekhi iqhubeka ikhiqiza amabhlogo futhi intengo ibuyiselwe, ngoba ukuvimbela ukuhwebelana akufani nokuvinjelwa kwephrothokholi. Ukuhweba kuvele kwathuthela ogwini futhi kulunguza.
Isizathu yisakhiwo. Inethiwekhi yeBitcoin ayiyona inkampani enehhovisi ongaligasela. Isebenza emashumini ezinkulungwane zemishini yangasese esabalale emazweni angaphezu kuka-180, futhi akukho gunya elinokushintshwa kwalo. Lokho uhulumeni angafinyelela kukho ingqalasizinda eboshelwe emaphethelweni: ukuhwebelana, abagadi, ngesikhathi irandi lakho liba yi-Bitcoin bese libuya futhi. Ngakho yilokho abakulawulayo. Lesi yisifundo esifanayo i-inthanethi eyasifundisa ngeminyaka yawo-1990s, lapho izifundazwe zithola ukuthi inethiwekhi ngokwayo yayisatshalaliswa kakhulu ukuthi ingalawuleka futhi iwusizo kakhulu ukuvinjelwa, futhi esikhundleni salokho yalungiswa ngokulawula ukuhweba okusebenza phezu kwayo. I-Bitcoin isendleleni efanayo. Awukwazi ukuvala umthetho olandelwayo, kodwa unganikeza ilayisense ohlinzeka ngezinsizakalo eduze kwayo, futhi yilokho okwenzekayo lapha futhi yonke indawo kubucayi ngakho.
Bheka ngaphandle futhi iphethini iphinda ezindaweni ezibalulekile. I-European Union ilethe izimakethe zayo ngohlaka lwe-crypto-assets kusukela ngo-2023, umbuso oqinile kodwa ocacile onikeza abahlinzeki bamalayisense kunokuba bavimbele. I-United States yathatha umgwaqo omude kakhulu futhi yafika endaweni efanayo lapho izimali zokuhwebelana ze-Bitcoin zigunyazwa ngoJanuwari 2024, isinqumo esatshela imakethe ukuthi lesi yisigaba sempahla okufanele silawulwe njenganoma iyiphi enye, ngezindinganiso zabalamuli kanye nokugcinwa. I-El Salvador yaqhubeka futhi yenza ithenda esemthethweni ye-Bitcoin ngo-2021 ngaphambi kokuyiqongelela njengendawo yokulondoloza. Ipolitiki ehlukene, iminotho ehlukene, indlela eyodwa yokuhamba. Abangabazayo ababiza inani elinqatshelwe babelokhu benephutha.
Isendlalelo sokuthobela esilandele ilayisensi
Ilayisensi iyodwa ayivimbi imali engcolile, ngakho imishini yokulwa nokushushumbisa imali yafika eduze kwayo. Izichibiyelo zoMthetho we-FIC zaqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-19 no-31 Disemba 2022, zengeza abahlinzeki besevisi ye-crypto asset kuSheduli 1 njengezikhungo eziphendulela ngaphansi kwento entsha engu-22. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi isisindo esigcwele se-AML, umthetho wokulwa namaphekula-zezimali kanye nokusabalalisa-ukuxhaswa kwezimali kwawela emkhakheni. Ukuqinisekisa, ukuqapha nokugcinwa kwamarekhodi kuyeka ukuba yinhlonipho futhi kwaba umsebenzi osemthethweni.
Khona-ke imithetho yaqala ukulandela izinhlamvu zemali kanye neklayenti. Mhla ziyi-15 kuNovemba 2024 i-FIC yakhipha i-Directive 9, iletha uMthetho Wokuvakasha we-FATF kubahlinzeki baseNingizimu Afrika, futhi yaqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-30 Ephreli 2025. Ukuhlonza ulwazi mayelana nomthumeli nomamukeli manje sekuhambisana nokudluliswa kwemali phakathi kwabahlinzeki besevisi. Akukho kulokhu okwenza i-Bitcoin ibe nzima ukuba nayo. Kwenza umhlinzeki oyisebenzisayo aziphendulele, futhi kuyisizathu sokuthi ngihambise wonke amaklayenti ngomthetho we-Financial Intelligence Center Act (FICA) ngaphambi kokunyakaza kwe-satoshi eyodwa, engiyibeke ngokuningiliziwe esiqeshini sami. lokho okudingwa ukuthobela imithetho kwe-Bitcoin eNingizimu Afrika.
Okubekwe yi-SARS kanye ne-SARB kwirekhodi
I-SARS iphatha i-Bitcoin njengempahla, hhayi imali. Thengisa ngenzuzo futhi intela yenzuzo enkulu isebenza kubatshalizimali abaningi. Yithole njengenkokhelo futhi yimali engenayo ngamanani akho ajwayelekile. Ihwebe ngokukhuthele futhi yonke inzuzo ingase ithathwe njengemali engenayo. Izinto ezibanjiwe kanye nezinzuzo ziyingxenye yembuyiselo yakho yonyaka, futhi umcabango wokuthi i-SARS ayikwazi ukubona ukugeleza kwe-crypto usuvele uphelelwe isikhathi. Yakhe ikhono lokuhlaziya ukunyakaza kokungena nokuphuma ezinkundleni zendawo, kwathi zingama-26 Novemba 2024 uKhomishana wasayina isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe ngaphansi kwe-Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework ye-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), ngokushintshana okuzenzakalelayo kolwazi lwentela ye-crypto phakathi kwamazwe okufanele aqale ngo-2027.
I-Reserve Bank ihlezi ekupheleni kwakho konke lokhu. Isikhundla sayo esilungisiwe, esabiwe ne-Intergovernmental Fintech Working Group, siwukuthi izimpahla ze-crypto azinaso isimo sethenda esisemthethweni futhi azikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izibopho ngaphakathi kwengqalasizinda yokukhokha kazwelonke. Leso sixwayiso asifani nokuvinjelwa. Ukubamba i-Bitcoin kuhlala kusemthethweni.
Lokho i-SARB ekuphishekele empeleni kuncane futhi kuyathakazelisa kakhulu: ukuletha ukugeleza kwe-Bitcoin emngceleni ngaphansi kwenetha lokulawula ukushintshana elakhelwe amabhange nemingcele. UMnyango Wokubhekwa Kwezezimali usuphoqe iminyaka ukuthi uchitshiyelwe uMthethonqubo Wokulawulwa Kokuhwebelana 10(4) ukuze i-crypto ibale njengemali, isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuphatha ukudluliswa kwe-Bitcoin ngaphesheya komngcele ngendlela osuvele uphatha ngayo ukuhambisa irandi noma igolide. Leyo iphrojekthi ye-bureaucrat, enesineke kanye nenqubo, futhi ikutshela ukuthi i-Reserve Bank ibona i-Bitcoin njengento okumele ilethwe ohlelweni kunokuthi iqedwe. Awuchithi iminyaka ubhala imithetho yento ohlose ukuyivala.
Ubufakazi bokuthi amajaji asaphikisana
Nansi ingxenye egeja izihloko zezindaba ngokuphelele, futhi iwubufakazi obusobala kunabo bonke bokuthi lokhu kwenziwa obala kunokuba kuxazululwe ngomthetho. Izinkantolo azikavumelani zodwa.
In I-Standard Bank of South Africa v South African Reserve Bank [2025] ZAGPPHC 481, eyakhishwa ngomhla ziyi-15 kuNhlaba wezi-2025, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseGauteng yabamba ukuthi imali eyimfihlo ayihlanganisi "imali" noma "inkunzi" ngaphakathi kwencazelo ye-Exchange Control Regulations ka-1961, incike ku-Bitcoin's decentralized and intangible nature. Cishe ngemva konyaka, ku Manundhla and Another v South African Reserve Bank ngo-1 June 2026, enye iNkantolo Ephakeme yafinyelela esiphethweni esiphambene, iphethe ngokuthi i-Bitcoin yayiyimali kanye nenhloko-dolobha kumongo ongaphambi kwayo, futhi ichaza ukucabanga kwangaphambili njengokungalungile ngokusobala. Izinkantolo ezimbili, izimpendulo ezimbili, impahla eyodwa. Ngethula lokho okushiwo leso sinqumo sokuqala kubanikazi ekubhaleni kwami i- Icala lokulawula ukushintshaniswa kwebhange iStandard Bank, ngoba inesisindo esingaphezu kwalokho abantu abaningi abakucabangayo.
Lokho kuphikisana akuwona umbhalo waphansi. Kuyi-catalyst eqondile ngemuva kwe-Draft Capital Flow Management Regulations eyanyatheliswa ngo-2026, ezama ukuqeda ingxabano ngokubhala i-crypto encazelweni yemali enkulu futhi igoqe embusweni wokulawula ukushintshanisa, ivulekele ukuphawula komphakathi kuze kube yi-30 Juni 2026. Uma ubamba izibalo zezinto ezibonakalayo, lo ngumbuzo ophilayo, futhi ngibhale ngokwehlukana ukuthi kungani imithetho ye-crypto ka-2026 ihluke kukho konke okuphambi kwayo.
Amajaji amabili angavumelani akusona isiphithiphithi. Iwuhlelo oluphikisana nendlela yalo yokuthola impendulo.
Yilokho ubufakazi bokulawulwa okubukhoma bubukeka ngaphakathi. Kungcolile, kuyaphikiswa futhi kuhamba esidlangalaleni kumagazethi nasezinkantolo esikhundleni sokufika ngobusuku obubodwa njengomthetho. Noma ubani okutshela ukuthi umphumela usulungisiwe vele, kunoma iyiphi indlela, uqagela ngaphambi kwerekhodi.
Ukufunda ingozi ngokwethembeka
Ngakho nansi ibhalansi, ngaphandle kwe-spin noma ngayiphi indlela. Ingabe umbuso ungenza imithetho evimbelayo, ubeke imisebenzi yesimemezelo noma uklame uhlelo lwentela olungenabungane? Yebo, futhi okusalungiswa kuka-2026 kukhombisa ukuthi izimisele ukuzama. Ingabe ingakwazi ukuvala inethiwekhi empeleni ubambe i-Bitcoin yakho? Cha, futhi abukho ubufakazi eminyakeni emihlanu obusikisela okunye. Ingozi yokulawula ingokoqobo futhi ayiyona i-zero, kodwa iphansi kunalokho eyayiyikho ngo-2017 futhi ikhomba ekunikezeni amalayisense nokudalulwa kunokuvinjelwa.
Ngithi-ke njengomuntu obekubukela lokhu engaphakathi kulo mkhakha kusukela ngo-2016, ngeminyaka yokukhokhwa kwesikole lapho imithetho ingacaci kahle nezinkundla kungabafana bezinkomo. Ushintsho kusukela ngo-2022 lukhulu futhi lusebenza ngokuvuna umnikazi. Ilayisensi ongayiqinisekisa. Irekhodi elibhaliwe elifakazela ukuthi imali yayihlanzekile. Uhlaka lwentela okuthi, noma ngabe yini ocabanga ngalo, lubhalwe phansi okungenani. Akukho kulokhu okwakukhona eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.
Umnyakazo osebenzayo ulandela kulokho. Sebenzisa umhlinzeki wendawo onelayisensi ukuze umthetho oguquguqukayo uthole ukuthi usuvele ubonakala futhi ubhaliwe, gcina amarekhodi akho entela ehlanzekile futhi wazi ukuthi ukuma kwakho kokulawula ukushintshisana kume kuphi. Abantu abalinyazwa yimithethonqubo cishe njalo yibo abazama ukuzulazula kuyo, hhayi labo abagcina amarisidi.
Ukuthobela umthetho akuyona into abantu abayesabayo. Kuyirisidi oyamukelayo.
Uma ufuna ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi umhlinzeki omethembayo unelayisense yangempela kunokuthi ube nokuzethemba, ngibhale uhambo olugcwele ubheka kanjani ukuthi umhlinzeki we-Bitcoin unelayisensi ye-FSCA, futhi kuthatha cishe imizuzu emibili.
Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Ingabe i-Bitcoin isemthethweni eNingizimu Afrika?
Yebo. Ukubamba nokuhweba i-Bitcoin kusemthethweni eNingizimu Afrika. Izimpahla ze-Crypto zimenyezelwe njengomkhiqizo wezezimali ngaphansi koMthetho we-FAIS ngomhlaka-19 Okthoba 2022, olawula abahlinzeki esikhundleni selungelo lakho lokuba ngumnikazi wempahla. I-SARS ikuqinisekisile ukuphathwa kwentela futhi i-SARB iyakwamukela ukuthi ukubamba i-Bitcoin kusemthethweni, nakuba yenqaba ukuyinikeza isimo sethenda esisemthethweni. Ukusebenza nomhlinzeki onelayisensi kugcina umsebenzi wakho ngaphakathi kohlaka olulawulwayo.
Ngabe iNingizimu Afrika ingavimba iBitcoin njengoba kwenza iChina?
Ukuvinjelwa okuphindaphindiwe kweChina akuzange kwenze i-Bitcoin ingafinyeleleki ezakhamuzini zaseShayina. Ukuhweba kuthuthele ogwini futhi kulunguza, futhi inethiwekhi ayizange iyeke ukusebenza. Ukuvinjelwa lapha kungahlangabezana nodonga olufanayo lwesakhiwo, ngoba umthetho olandelwayo usebenza emashumini ezinkulungwane zemishini okungekho izwe elilodwa elingafinyelela kuyo. Ubufakazi beminyaka emihlanu edlule bukhomba ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ilawula abahlinzeki esikhundleni sokuzama ukwenqabela.
Ingabe ngiyayikhokha intela ngenzuzo ye-Bitcoin eNingizimu Afrika?
Yebo. I-SARS iphatha i-Bitcoin njengempahla, ngakho intela yenzuzo yemali iyasebenza uma uthengisa ngenzuzo futhi intela yemali engenayo iyasebenza lapho i-Bitcoin itholwa njengemali engenayo. Ukuhweba okusebenzayo kungase kukhokhiswe intela njengemali engenayo esikhundleni semali enkulu. Njengoba iNingizimu Afrika ibhalisele uhlaka lokubika lwe-crypto-asethi kanye nokushintshisana kolwazi okuzenzakalelayo kusukela ngo-2027, amarekhodi anembile akho konke ukuthengwa nokudayiswa abalulekile kunangaphambili. Funa iseluleko sentela esifanelekayo ngesikhundla sakho.
Ingabe izinkantolo zaseNingizimu Afrika zinqume ukuthi i-Bitcoin ilawulwa kanjani?
Hhayi ngokungaguquki, okuyinto ngokwayo etshelayo. Ngo-May 2025 iNkantolo Ephakeme yabamba ecaleni le-Standard Bank ukuthi i-Imali yekhripto akuyona imali noma imali ngaphansi kwemithetho yokulawula ukushintshaniswa. NgoJuni 2026 enye iNkantolo Ephakeme yafinyelela umbono ophambene necala likaMangundhla futhi yabiza ukuthi ukucabanga kwangaphambili kwakungalungile. Lokho kungezwani okungakaxazululwa yisizathu esiqondile sokuthi I-Draft Capital Flow Management Regulations 2026 yashicilelwa. Bhukha ingcingo ukuze nixoxe lapho kuhlala khona izinto zenu.
Ingabe ufuna i-Bitcoin yakho ohlangothini olulungisiwe lomugqa onyakazayo?
I-SimplB isiza abantu baseNingizimu Afrika ukuthi babambe i-Bitcoin ngokusobala, ebhaliwe futhi ngaphakathi kohlaka, njengoMmeleli Wezomthetho we-CAEP Asset Managers (FSP 33933).
Bhukha ikholi ye-Bitcoin regulation